Enhanced expression levels of IL-31 correlate with IL-4 and IL-13 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis.

Background: IL-31 is produced by activated T lymphocytes, preferentially by T(H)2 cells. Transgenic mice overexpressing IL-31 have a phenotype resembling allergic dermatitis in human subjects. Objective: We sought to evaluate the potential importance of IL-31 in the pathogenesis of human T cell-mediated skin diseases. Methods: We analyzed total RNA taken from 149 skin biopsy specimens from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), or psoriasis in comparison with specimens taken from patients with healthy skin (n=13) by using quantitative real-time PCR for the expression of T(H)1/T(H)2 cytokines. Results: We found statistically increased mRNA levels of IL-31 in biopsy specimens taken from patients with AD, irrespective of the severity of the disease and serum IgE levels. Moreover, IL-31 mRNA levels were strongly increased in many biopsy specimens taken from patients with ACD. However, no increased transcription of IL-31 could be detected in biopsy specimens taken from psoriatic plaques. A comparison of mRNA levels of IL-31 with T(H)1 or T(H)2 cytokines demonstrates a correlation of the expression of IL-31 with IL-4 and IL-13 but not with IFN-gamma. No significant increase of IL-31 receptor mRNA could be detected in any disease, whereas the second receptor subunit of IL-31, the oncostatin M receptor, seems to be enhanced transcribed in patients with psoriasis. Conclusion: IL-31 expression is not only increased in patients with AD but also in those with ACD, 2 pruritic skin disorders. In both types of eczema, expression of IL-31 is associated with the expression of the T(H)2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Clinical implications: IL-31 might contribute not only to the development of AD but also to ACD-provoked skin inflammation.