Functional analysis of human T lymphotropic virus type 2 Tax proteins

Background: The Tax proteins encoded by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are transcriptional activators of both the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and cellular promoters via the CREB and NFkB pathways. In contrast to HTLV-1, HTLV-2 has been classified into four distinct genetic subtypes A, B, C and D defined by phylogenetic analysis of their nucleotide sequences and the size and amino acid sequence of their Tax proteins. In the present study we have analysed and compared the transactivating activities of three Tax 2A and one Tax 2B proteins using LTR and NFkB reporter assays. Results: We found that with the exception of the prototype Tax 2A Mo protein, the other two Tax 2A proteins failed to transactivate either the viral LTR or NFkB promoter in Jurkat and 293T cells. Loss of activity was not associated with either expression levels or an alteration in subcellular distribution as all Tax 2 proteins were predominantly located in the cytoplasm of transfected cells. Analysis of the sequence of the two inactive Tax 2A proteins relative to Mo indicated that one had six amino acid changes and the other had one change in the central region of the protein. Mutations present at the amino and the extreme carboxy termini of Mo resulted in the loss of LTR but not NFkB activation whereas those occurring in the central region of the protein appeared to abolish transactivation of both promoters. Analysis of the transactivation phenotypes of Tax 1, Tax 2A Mo and Tax 2B containing mutations identified in the present study or previously characterised Tax mutations showed that domains required for LTR and NFkB activation are very similar but not identical in all three Tax proteins. Conclusion: Our results suggest that loss of activity of two Tax 2A proteins derived from different isolates is associated with multiple amino acid changes relative to Mo in domains required for the activation of the CREB or CREB and NFkB pathways and that these domains are very similar but not identical in Tax 2B and Tax 1. The loss of Tax function in 2A viruses may have implications for their biological and pathogenic properties.