Single and double twin nucleation, growth, and interaction in an extruded magnesium alloy

The objective of this study was to identify twinning characteristics and mechanisms in an extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy under favorable conditions of profuse {10 (1) over bar2} extension twinning using in-situ optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The propagation of a single twin variant led to a relatively fast saturation of twin nucleation after which the increase in strain was predominantly accommodated by the growth of existing twin lamellas. For distinct twin variants, the intersecting twins led to the confinement of the spaces constrained by the fine twin lamellas. Embryonic twin structures acknowledged theoretically or through atomistic simulations were experimentally observed, including the vanishing of primary{11 (1) over bar1} embryonic twin via the nucleation and growth of either single or multiple {10 (1) over bar2} secondary extension twin variants during deformation. Newly identified twin-twin interaction scenarios included the ladder-like and branching like twinning structures which occurred depending on the applied strain, incoming twin paths, and their impingement on the pre-existing twin boundaries. The formation of the branching-like structures involved three or more non-co-zone {10 (1) over bar2} extension twin variants where the activation and growth of one variant among them were found to be favored by the external stresses via Schmid factor analysis. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.