Liquefaction of grapevine cane (Vitis vinisera L.) waste and its application to phenol-formaldehyde type adhesive

In this study, we aimed to synthesize phenol-formaldehyde type resins from the reaction of grapevine cane (Vitis vinisera L.) liquefied with phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid as catalyst. The biomass was first liquefied with phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst at 150 degrees C for 2 h. The liquefied grapevine cane powders were then resinified with formaldehyde at the different ratios in the presence of NaOH as a catalyst. Three-layer plywoods were prepared by using phenol-formaldehyde type adhesive from liquefied grapevine cane. The bond strength was evaluated by the tensile-shear test following the same standard for phenol resin adhesives to evaluate dry- and water-proof adhesive bond strengths. The results showed the grapevine canes could easily be liquefied with phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. It was also determined that almost all the resol-type resin adhesives prepared from the liquefied grapevine canes met the Japanese Industrial Standard as far as dry shear adhesive strengths of plywood were concerned. However, boiling water-resistant adhesives could be prepared from resinification of H2SO4-catalyzed liquefied grapevine cane at a formaldehyde/phenol molar ratio of about 2.0 or above. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.