Despite tremendous research efforts, type 1 diabetes is one of the few remaining autoimmune diseases without any approved immunological treatment. This observation compels us to reconsider the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this commentary, we will review solely human data in an attempt to appreciate, in an unbiased manner, the importance and relevance of the immunological alterations in patients with type 1 diabetes. The aim of this paper is to generate reflection on this topic, rather than a controversy.
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Univ Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Brooks-Worrell, Barbara
;
Narla, Radhika
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VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Univ Washington, Dept Gen Internal Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Narla, Radhika
;
Palmer, Jerry P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Larry L Hillblom Islet Res Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Butler, A. E.
;
Chapman, N. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Chapman, N. M.
;
Frisk, G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uppsala Univ, Dept Immunol Genet & Pathol, Uppsala, SwedenUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Frisk, G.
;
Gianani, R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado, Barbara Davis Ctr Diabet, Denver, CO 80202 USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Coppieters, Ken T.
;
Dotta, Francesco
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Siena, Diabet Unit, Dept Internal Med Endocrine & Metab Sci, I-53100 Siena, Italy
Fdn Umberto Mario Org Non Lucrativa Utilita Socia, I-53100 Siena, ItalyLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Dotta, Francesco
;
Amirian, Natalie
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Amirian, Natalie
;
Campbell, Peter D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
St Vincents Inst, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, AustraliaLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Campbell, Peter D.
;
Kay, Thomas W. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
St Vincents Inst, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, AustraliaLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Kay, Thomas W. H.
;
Atkinson, Mark A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Coll Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Atkinson, Mark A.
;
Roep, Bart O.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunohematol & Blood Transfus, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, NetherlandsLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Roep, Bart O.
;
von Herrath, Matthias G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
机构:
Benaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Greenbaum, Carla J.
;
Beam, Craig A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ S Florida, Dept Pediat, Tampa, FL 33620 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Beam, Craig A.
;
Boulware, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ S Florida, Dept Pediat, Tampa, FL 33620 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Boulware, David
;
Gitelman, Stephen E.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Gitelman, Stephen E.
;
Gottlieb, Peter A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado Denver, Barbara Davis Ctr Childhood Diabet, Aurora, CO USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Gottlieb, Peter A.
;
Herold, Kevan C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunobiol, New Haven, CT USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Herold, Kevan C.
;
Lachin, John M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Lachin, John M.
;
McGee, Paula
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
McGee, Paula
;
Palmer, Jerry P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Vet Affairs Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Washington, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, Seattle, WA 98195 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Palmer, Jerry P.
;
Pescovitz, Mark D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Indiana Univ, Dept Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA
Indiana Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Pescovitz, Mark D.
;
Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi
;
Skyler, Jay S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Miami, Diabet Res Inst, Miami, FL USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Skyler, Jay S.
;
Sosenko, Jay M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Miami, Diabet Res Inst, Miami, FL USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
机构:
Univ Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Brooks-Worrell, Barbara
;
Narla, Radhika
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Univ Washington, Dept Gen Internal Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
Narla, Radhika
;
Palmer, Jerry P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Hosp & Specialty Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USAUniv Washington, VA Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Larry L Hillblom Islet Res Ctr, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Butler, A. E.
;
Chapman, N. M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Chapman, N. M.
;
Frisk, G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Uppsala Univ, Dept Immunol Genet & Pathol, Uppsala, SwedenUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
Frisk, G.
;
Gianani, R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado, Barbara Davis Ctr Diabet, Denver, CO 80202 USAUniv Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL USA
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Coppieters, Ken T.
;
Dotta, Francesco
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Siena, Diabet Unit, Dept Internal Med Endocrine & Metab Sci, I-53100 Siena, Italy
Fdn Umberto Mario Org Non Lucrativa Utilita Socia, I-53100 Siena, ItalyLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Dotta, Francesco
;
Amirian, Natalie
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Amirian, Natalie
;
Campbell, Peter D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
St Vincents Inst, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, AustraliaLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Campbell, Peter D.
;
Kay, Thomas W. H.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
St Vincents Inst, Fitzroy, Vic 3065, AustraliaLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Kay, Thomas W. H.
;
Atkinson, Mark A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Coll Med, Gainesville, FL 32610 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Atkinson, Mark A.
;
Roep, Bart O.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Immunohematol & Blood Transfus, NL-2333 ZA Leiden, NetherlandsLa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
Roep, Bart O.
;
von Herrath, Matthias G.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
La Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USALa Jolla Inst Allergy & Immunol, Type Diabet Ctr 1, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
机构:
Benaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Greenbaum, Carla J.
;
Beam, Craig A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ S Florida, Dept Pediat, Tampa, FL 33620 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Beam, Craig A.
;
Boulware, David
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ S Florida, Dept Pediat, Tampa, FL 33620 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Boulware, David
;
Gitelman, Stephen E.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Gitelman, Stephen E.
;
Gottlieb, Peter A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Colorado Denver, Barbara Davis Ctr Childhood Diabet, Aurora, CO USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Gottlieb, Peter A.
;
Herold, Kevan C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunobiol, New Haven, CT USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Herold, Kevan C.
;
Lachin, John M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Lachin, John M.
;
McGee, Paula
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
McGee, Paula
;
Palmer, Jerry P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Washington, Vet Affairs Puget Sound Hlth Care Syst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Univ Washington, Div Metab Endocrinol & Nutr, Seattle, WA 98195 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Palmer, Jerry P.
;
Pescovitz, Mark D.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Indiana Univ, Dept Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USA
Indiana Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Indianapolis, IN 46204 USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Pescovitz, Mark D.
;
Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
George Washington Univ, Ctr Biostat, Washington, DC USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi
;
Skyler, Jay S.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Miami, Diabet Res Inst, Miami, FL USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA
Skyler, Jay S.
;
Sosenko, Jay M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Miami, Diabet Res Inst, Miami, FL USABenaroya Res Inst, Seattle, WA USA