National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement

被引：617

作者：

Nosek, Brian A. ^{[1
]}

Smyth, Frederick L. ^{[1
]}

Sriram, N. ^{[1
]}

Lindner, Nicole M. ^{[1
]}

Devos, Thierry ^{[3
]}

Ayala, Alfonso ^{[2
]}

Bar-Anan, Yoav ^{[1
]}

Bergh, Robin ^{[4
]}

Cai, Huajian ^{[5
]}

Gonsalkorale, Karen ^{[6
]}

Kesebir, Selin ^{[1
]}

Maliszewski, Norbert ^{[7
]}

Neto, Felix ^{[8
]}

Olli, Eero ^{[9
]}

Park, Jaihyun ^{[10
]}

Schnabel, Konrad ^{[11
]}

Shiomura, Kimihiro ^{[12
]}

Tulbure, Bogdan Tudor ^{[13
]}

Wiers, Reinout W. ^{[14
]}

Somogyi, Monika ^{[15
]}

Akrami, Nazar ^{[4
]}

Ekehammar, Bo ^{[4
]}

Vianello, Michelangelo ^{[16
]}

Banaji, Mahzarin R. ^{[17
]}

Greenwald, Anthony G. ^{[18
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Virginia, Dept Psychol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA

[2] Elect Inst Veracruz, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico

[3] San Diego State Univ, Dept Psychol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA

[4] Uppsala Univ, Dept Psychol, SE-75142 Uppsala, Sweden

[5] Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Psychol, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, Peoples R China

[6] Univ Sydney, Sch Psychol, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

[7] Univ Warsaw, Dept Psychol, PL-00927 Warsaw, Poland

[8] Univ Porto, Dept Psychol, P-4099002 Oporto, Portugal

[9] Equal & Antidiscriminat Ombud, N-0031 Oslo, Norway

[10] CUNY Bernard M Baruch Coll, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10010 USA

[11] Humboldt Univ, Dept Psychol, D-10099 Berlin, Germany

[12] Iwate Prefectural Univ, Dept Clin Social Serv, Takizawa, Iwate 0200193, Japan

[13] Transilvania Univ Brasov, Dept Psychol, Brasov 500036, Romania

[14] Univ Amsterdam, Dept Psychol, NL-1012 ZA Amsterdam, Netherlands

[15] Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Psychol, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary

[16] Univ Padua, Dept Psychol, I-35122 Padua, Italy

[17] Harvard Univ, Dept Psychol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[18] Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

来源：

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | 2009年 / 106卷 / 26期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

Implicit Association Test; culture; social psychology; implicit social cognition; IMPLICIT STEREOTYPES; MATHEMATICS; THREAT; DIVERSITY; ATTITUDES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SIMILARITIES; PERCEPTION; COGNITION; IDENTITY;

D O I：

10.1073/pnas.0809921106

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.

引用

页码：10593 / 10597

页数：5

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