Clarifying the Interstitial Nature of Facets From the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Using the Five Factor Model of Personality

Although the higher order structure of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PID-5; Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol. 2012), is well-established, the lower order structure and facet-to-domain assignment is inconsistent across studies. Some studies used the five-factor model of adaptive personality (FFM) as a framework to evaluate and characterize this lower order structure; however, findings have been limited in various respects including the use of primarily Caucasian and nonclinical samples. The goal of the current investigation was to clarify and extend knowledge of the lower order structure of the PID-5 through joint PID-5/FFM analysis using an ethnically diverse undergraduate sample (N = 492) and psychiatric patient sample (N = 388). Our findings revealed an optimal five-factor structure in the undergraduate sample (in which Openness facets did not load on any factor) and a six-factor structure in the clinical sample (in which Openness formed its own factor). Domains displayed good convergent validity with the domains of the personality psychopathology five model, except for Disinhibition/Conscientiousness, in which the lack of convergence was explained by Conscientiousness. Furthermore, we evaluated six specific PID-5 facets with respect to interstitiality and optimal PID-5 domain placement, where results supported several recommendations for model modification of the PID-5 structure. These include moving Restricted Affectivity to Detachment from Negative Affectivity, moving Hostility to Antagonism from Negative Affectivity, moving Suspiciousness to Negative Affectivity from Detachment, and removing Submissiveness from the PID-5 measure and the alternative model of personality disorders.