Formulation of Piperine Ternary Inclusion Complex Using β CD and HPMC: Physicochemical Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Antimicrobial Testing

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) on the complexation efficiency and dissolution of piperine (PPR) and beta cyclodextrin (beta CD) complex. The binary and ternary inclusion complexes were prepared using solvent evaporation and microwave irradiation methods. The samples were further evaluated for physicochemical evaluation, morphology, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The binary and ternary samples showed high stability constant (Ks) value and complexation efficiency (CE). The dissolution study results revealed marked enhancement in the release of the binary inclusion complex and ternary inclusion complex compared to pure PPR. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular docking results confirm the complex formation. X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data revealed modification in the structure of PPR. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and antimicrobial results showed enhanced activity in the PPR complex in comparison to pure PPR. In conclusion, a remarkable enhancement in dissolution, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were attained due to marked improvement in solubility through complexation of PPR with HPMC/beta CD.