Long-term effect of intensive lifestyle intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes in real-world clinical practice: a 5-year longitudinal study

sustained weight loss versus weight regain on cardiovascular risk factors in real-world clinical practice. Methods: We evaluated 129 obese patients with diabetes enrolled in Weight Achievement and Intensive Treatment (Why WAIT) program, a 12-week clinical model of intensive lifestyle intervention. After 1 year, we divided participants into group A, who maintained < 7% weight loss (47.3%) and group B (52.7%), who maintained >= 7% weight loss. We continued to follow them for a total of 5 years. Results: The total cohort lost 23.8 lbs (-9.7%) at 12 weeks and maintained -16.2 lbs (-6.4%) at 5 years (p< 0.001). Group A maintained -8.4 lbs (-3.5%) and group B maintained -23.1 lbs (-9.0%) at 5 years. In group A, A1C decreased from 7.5 +/- 1.3% to 6.7 +/- 0.9% at 12 weeks but increased to 7.7 +/- 1.4% at 1 year and 8.0 +/- 1.9% at 5 years. In group B, A1C decreased from 7.4 +/- 1.2% to 6.4 +/- 0.9% at 12 weeks and rose to 6.8 +/- 1.2% at 1 year and 7.3 +/- 1.5% at 5 years. Despite weight regain, group A maintained improvement in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol with worsening of serum triglycerides and no change in blood pressure (BP). Group B maintained improvement in lipid profile for 5 years and had significantly lower BP for 18 months. Conclusions: Weight reduction in patients with diabetes can be maintained for 5 years and is predicted by patients' ability to maintain >= 7% weight loss at 1 year. A1C and triglycerides deteriorate with weight regain, while other lipid improvements are maintained. Sustained weight loss is associated with significantly lower A1C for 5 years and lowers BP for 18 months. Trial registration number: NCT01937845.