A Neoarchean K-rich granitoid belt in the northern North China Craton

The Archean metamorphic basement in the southeastern part of Eastern Hebei to Western Liaoning provinces, northern North China Craton, is dominated by Neoarchean K-rich granitoids, with a small amount of Neoarchean supracrustal rocks and Na-rich dioritic-tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic gneisses, and minor Paleo- to Mesoarchean rocks. The Paleo- to Mesoarchean lithological signatures include TTG gneisses and supracrustal rocks at the Caozhuang and Caochang areas. The Neoarchean K-rich granitoids form a ca. 350 km long belt extending in a NE direction, and primarily consist of porphyritic monzodioritic-quartz monzodioritic-granodioritic-monzogranitic (MQGM) gneisses and secondary monzogranite-syenogranites and charnockites, with minor Neoarchean TTG gneiss enclaves. Based on their major mafic mineral phases, the MQGM gneisses can be divided into an amphibole-dominated group and a biotite-dominated group. Zircon U-Pb isotopic dating reveals that the Caozhuang trondhjemitic gneisses, amphibole-dominated MQGM gneisses, and biotite-dominated MQGM gneisses were emplaced at similar to 2.90 Ga, 2.55-2.53 Ga, and 2.55-2.53 Ga, respectively. The amphibole-dominated porphyritic MQGM gneisses are geochemically analogous to sanukitoids, and the sanukitoid magma was derived from the partial melting of lithospheric mantle metasomatized by dehydration fluids and melts from subducted slabs and related sediments, following the fractionation of amphibole and clinopyroxene during their magmatic evolution. The magmatic precursors of the biotite-dominated MQGM gneisses were most likely generated by the partial melting of medium- to high-K mafic-intermediate rocks and locally generated by the partial melting of metagreywackes at medium pressures. Within the K-rich granitoid belt, the 2.55-2.53 Ga porphyritic MQGM gneisses experienced 2.53-2.51 Ga E-W extension and strike-slip shearing deformation in the Jinzhou-Xingcheng structural domain, and diapiric upwelling by the formation of dome structures in the JielingkouAnziling-Suizhong structural domain. All these structures then suffered a top-to-the-SE-NEE thrusting in the northern margin during 2.51-2.50 Ga. The 2.53-2.51 Ga dioritic-tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic gneisses and charnockites in the Taipingzhai-Santunying-Zunhua structural domain firstly underwent diapiric upwelling during 2.51-2.50 Ga, then together with the 2.52-2.50 Ga volcanic-sedimentary rocks in the ShuangshanziQian'an-Lulong structural domain overprinted by nearly N-S-striking dextral strike-slip shearing deformation during 2.50-1.80 Ga. The temporal-spatial relationships, petrogenesis, and structural patterns of these various Neoarchean lithological assemblages confirm that the Neoarchean K-rich granitoid belt in the northern North China Craton was most likely developed in an active continental margin setting, and our studies suggest this involved progressively southeastward multi-stage retreating oceanic slab subduction and collisions between an oceanic arc and an ancient continental nucleus.