Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements

被引:472
作者
Holecek, Milan [1 ]
机构
[1] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Med Hradec Kralove, Dept Physiol, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic
来源
NUTRITION & METABOLISM | 2018年 / 15卷
关键词
Cachexia; Ammonia; Glutamine; Diabetes; Cirrhosis; Nutrition; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; UREA CYCLE DISORDERS; RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; GLUTAMINE SYNTHESIS; LEUCINE METABOLISM; ALPHA-KETOISOCAPROATE; PROLONGED EXERCISE;
D O I
10.1186/s12986-018-0271-1
中图分类号
R15 [营养卫生、食品卫生]; TS201 [基础科学];
学科分类号
100403 ;
摘要
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) are essential amino acids with protein anabolic properties, which have been studied in a number of muscle wasting disorders for more than 50 years. However, until today, there is no consensus regarding their therapeutic effectiveness. In the article is demonstrated that the crucial roles in BCAA metabolism play: (i) skeletal muscle as the initial site of BCAA catabolism accompanied with the release of alanine and glutamine to the blood; (ii) activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD); and (iii) amination of branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs) to BCAAs. Enhanced consumption of BCAA for ammonia detoxification to glutamine in muscles is the cause of decreased BCAA levels in liver cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders. Increased BCKD activity is responsible for enhanced oxidation of BCAA in chronic renal failure, trauma, burn, sepsis, cancer, phenylbutyrate-treated subjects, and during exercise. Decreased BCKD activity is the main cause of increased BCAA levels and BCKAs in maple syrup urine disease, and plays a role in increased BCAA levels in diabetes type 2 and obesity. Increased BCAA concentrations during brief starvation and type 1 diabetes are explained by amination of BCKAs in visceral tissues and decreased uptake of BCAA by muscles. The studies indicate beneficial effects of BCAAs and BCKAs in therapy of chronic renal failure. New therapeutic strategies should be developed to enhance effectiveness and avoid adverse effects of BCAA on ammonia production in subjects with liver cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of BCAA supplementation in burn, trauma, sepsis, cancer and exercise. Whether increased BCAA levels only markers are or also contribute to insulin resistance should be known before the decision is taken regarding their suitability in obese subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes. It is concluded that alterations in BCAA metabolism have been found common in a number of disease states and careful studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic effectiveness in most indications.
引用
收藏
页数:12
相关论文
共 112 条
[91]   The increased skeletal muscle protein turnover of the streptozotozin diabetic rat is associated with high concentrations of branched-chain amino acids [J].
Rodriguez, T ;
Alvarez, B ;
Busquets, S ;
Carbo, N ;
LopezSoriano, FJ ;
Argiles, JM .
BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, 1997, 61 (01) :87-94
[92]  
SAPIR DG, 1983, LANCET, V1, P1010
[93]   Effect of alternative pathway therapy on branched chain amino acid metabolism in urea cycle disorder patients [J].
Scaglia, F ;
Carter, S ;
O'Brien, WE ;
Lee, B .
MOLECULAR GENETICS AND METABOLISM, 2004, 81 :S79-S85
[94]   DNA damage in an animal model of maple syrup urine disease [J].
Scaini, Giselli ;
Jeremias, Isabela C. ;
Morais, Meline O. S. ;
Borges, Gabriela D. ;
Munhoz, Bruna P. ;
Leffa, Daniela D. ;
Andrade, Vanessa M. ;
Schuck, Patricia F. ;
Ferreira, Gustavo C. ;
Streck, Emilio L. .
MOLECULAR GENETICS AND METABOLISM, 2012, 106 (02) :169-174
[95]   SERUM BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO AND KETO ACID RESPONSE TO FASTING IN HUMANS [J].
SCHAUDER, P ;
HERBERTZ, L ;
LANGENBECK, U .
METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, 1985, 34 (01) :58-61
[96]   BLOOD-LEVELS OF BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO-ACIDS AND ALPHA-KETOACIDS IN UREMIC PATIENTS GIVEN KETO ANALOGS OF ESSENTIAL AMINO-ACIDS [J].
SCHAUDER, P ;
MATTHAEI, D ;
HENNING, HV ;
SCHELER, F ;
LANGENBECK, U .
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION, 1980, 33 (07) :1660-1666
[97]   Obesity-related elevations in plasma leucine are associated with alterations in enzymes involved in branched-chain amino acid metabolism [J].
She, Pengxiang ;
Van Horn, Cynthia ;
Reid, Tanya ;
Hutson, Susan M. ;
Cooney, Robert N. ;
Lynch, Christopher J. .
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM, 2007, 293 (06) :E1552-E1563
[98]  
SHIMOMURA Y, 1995, J NUTR, V125, pS1762
[99]   Exercise promotes BCAA catabolism: Effects of BCAA supplementation on skeletal muscle during exercise [J].
Shimomura, Y ;
Murakami, T ;
Nakai, N ;
Nagasaki, M ;
Harris, RA .
JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, 2004, 134 (06) :1583S-1587S
[100]   ADAPTATION IN MUSCLE OXIDATION OF LEUCINE TO DIETARY-PROTEIN AND ENERGY-INTAKE [J].
SKETCHER, RD ;
FERN, EB ;
JAMES, WPT .
BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION, 1974, 31 (03) :333-342