S-wave velocity prediction in unconventional shale reservoirs

In unconventional reservoirs with significant organic content, the Greenberg-Castagna (GC) S-wave velocity prediction method does not yield accurate S-wave velocity predictions, with observed mean errors varying from 6% to 16% in a variety of unconventional reservoirs rich in organic content. This is because kerogen content is not explicitly taken into account in the GC S-wave velocity prediction method. Two alternative approaches for bedding-normal S-wave velocity prediction from P-wave velocity and other well logs in relatively straight holes drilled in unconventional reservoirs are investigated. The first method is purely empirical, requiring minimal information such as P-wave velocity and total organic carbon content. This approach implicitly accounts for compositional and stress effects on mudrock elasticity. The second method can be classified as a hybrid technique, comprising the following three steps: (1) computing a nonkerogen phase P-wave velocity using the Vernik-Kachanov (VK) model, (2) determination of the nonkerogen S-wave velocity from the GC approach, and (3) using a simplified VK model to mix the nonkerogen matrix with nanoporous kerogen to predict the bedding-normal S-wave velocity of the organic mudrock. The second method explicitly takes into account all the variables that control elastic properties of organic mudrock reservoirs. Tests in nine wells from seven different oil and gas shale reservoirs indicate that both methods have prediction accuracy better than 3% error when input data are accurate.