Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE is associated with interleukin-2 and-4, and interferon-γ expression in pulmonary lymph of experimentally infected calves

Objective-To study the local immune response of calves to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection with emphasis on IgE production and cytokine gene expression in pulmonary lymph. Animals-Twelve 6- to 8-week-old Holstein bull calves, Six similar control calves were mock infected to obtain control data. Procedure-Lymphatic cannulation surgery was performed on 12 calves to create a long-term thoracic lymph fistula draining to the exterior. Cannulated calves were exposed to virulent BRSV by aerosol. Lymph fluid collected daily was assayed for BRSV acid isotype-specific IgE antibody, total IgG, IgA, IgM, and protein concentrations, interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma were semi-quantitated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Cell counts and fluorescence-activated cell scanner (FACSCAN) analysis of T-cell subsets were performed on lymph cells. Results-Calves had clinical signs of respiratory tract disease during days 5 to 10 after infection and shed virus. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE in infected calves was significantly increased over baseline on day 9 after infection. Mean virus-specific IgE concentrations strongly correlated with increases in severity of clinical disease (r = 0.903). Expression of IL-2, IL-4, and interferon-gamma was variably present in infected and control calves, with IL-4 expression most consistent during early infection. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Infection with BRSV was associated with production of BRSV-specific IgE, and IL-4 message was commonly found in lymph cells of infected calves, This finding supports the concept that BRSV-induced pathophysiology involves a T helper cell type-2 response. Effective therapeutic and prophylactic strategies could, therefore, be developed using immunomodulation to shift the immune response more toward a T helper cell type-1 response.