Temperature is one of the most important abiotic factors regulating development and biological processes in ectotherms. By 2050, climate change may result in temperature increases of 2.1-3.4 degrees C in Manitoba, Canada. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, from both northern and southern populations in Manitoba were acclimated to 16, 20 and 24 degrees C for 30 days, after which critical thermal maximum (CTmax) trials were conducted to investigate their thermal plasticity. We also examined the effects of temperature on morphological and physiological indices. Acclimation temperature significantly influenced the CTmax, body mass, hepatosomatic index, metabolic rate and the mRNA expression of transcripts involved in the cellular response to heat shock and hypoxia (HSP70, HSP90a, HSP90b, HIF-1 alpha) in the gill of lake sturgeon. Population significantly affected the above phenotypes, as well as the mRNA expression of Na+/K+ ATPase-alpha 1 and the hepatic glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity. The southern population had an average CTmax that was 0.71 and 0.45 degrees C higher than the northern population at 20 and 24 degrees C, respectively. Immediately following CTmax trials, mRNA expression of HSP90a and HIF-1 alpha was positively correlated with individual CTmax of lake sturgeon across acclimation treatments and populations (r=0.7, r=0.62, respectively; P<0.0001). Lake sturgeon acclimated to 20 and 24 degrees C had decreased hepatosomatic indices (93 and 244% reduction, respectively; P<0.0001) and metabolic suppression (27.7 and 42.1% reduction, respectively; P<0.05) when compared to sturgeon acclimated to 16 degrees C, regardless of population. Glutathione peroxidase activity and mRNA expression Na+/K+ ATPase-alpha 1 were elevated in the northern relative to the southern population. Acclimation to 24 degrees C also induced mortality in both populations when compared to sturgeon acclimated to 16 and 20 degrees C. Thus, increased temperatures have wide-ranging population-specific physiological consequences for lake sturgeon across biological levels of organization.
