HIF-1α/COX-2 expression and mouse brain capillary remodeling during prolonged moderate hypoxia and subsequent re-oxygenation

Dynamic microvascular remodeling maintains an optimal continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain to account for prolonged environmental variations. The objective of this study was to determine the relative time course of capillary regression during re-oxygenation after exposure to prolonged moderate hypoxia and expression of the primary signaling factors involved in the process. Four-month old male C57BL/6 mice were housed and maintained in a hypobaric chamber at 290 Ton (0.4 atm) for 21 days and allowed to recover at normoxia (room air) for up to 21 days. The mice were either decapitated or perfused in-situ and brain samples collected were either homogenized for Western blot analysis or fixed and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO) expression were increased during hypoxic exposure and diminished during subsequent re-oxygenation. However, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) were both elevated during hypoxia as well as subsequent re-oxygenation. Significantly increased capillary density at the end of the 3rd week of hypoxia regressed back toward normoxic baseline as the duration of re-oxygenation continued. In conclusion, elevated COX-2 and Ang-2 expression during hypoxia where angiogenesis occurs and re-oxygenation, when micro-vessels regress, identifies these proteins as vascular remodeling molecules crucial for angioplasticity. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.