A water mass history of the Southern California current system

The California Current System represents a confluence of different water masses originating in the subarctic, subtropical, and tropical eastern Pacific. Variations in their relative influence can alter regional biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. We perform an optimum multiparameter analysis on historical hydrographic data to quantify the spatiotemporal variability of water mass contributions to the California Current. Within the pycnocline, a strong cross-shore gradient in the primary water mass source reflects the dominant advective pathways within the California Current and California Undercurrent. The El Nino Southern Oscillation imparts variability in the relative contributions and depth structure of source waters, allowing stronger upwelling during La Nina to more effectively tap nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor waters originating in the eastern tropical North Pacific. This regional water mass history provides context for understanding the drivers and pathways of biogeochemical variability in the California Current and demonstrates that oceanic changes occurring far afield can have regionally heterogeneous impacts. Plain Language Summary Waters found in the California Current come from different parts of the ocean: the subarctic, subtropical, and tropical eastern Pacific. Each of these source waters has its own characteristic combination of properties like temperature, saltiness, and nutrient and oxygen levels. Variations in the relative contributions of these source waters can impact local conditions, including oxygen and nutrient content and the properties of upwelled waters. Here we explore long time series of hydrographic data from an oceanic region off southern California to quantify the relative contributions of different source water masses, and their spatial and interannual variability. We describe a spatially heterogeneous water mass structure which is significantly impacted by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, with important implications for regional biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. The analysis demonstrates that regional variability in the California Current can be driven by oceanic changes occurring far afield.