Zero thermal input membrane distillation, a zero-waste and sustainable solution for freshwater shortage

The innovative concept of a zero-waste, energy efficient, and therefore sustainable desalination strategy, Zero Thermal Input Membrane Distillation (ZTIMD), is demonstrated to be economically more effective than existing seawater desalination technologies by simulation based on a single-pass Direct Contact Membrane Distillation process using surface seawater as the feed and bottom seawater as the coolant. Thermal energy required for water distillation in the process was satisfied by extracting the enthalpy of the surface seawater using the bottom seawater as the heat sink. Under one of the favorable conditions, the proposed ZTIMD process could produce pure water with a cost of $0.28/m(3) at a specific energy consumption of 0.45 kW h/m(3), which is significantly lower than that of the major existing seawater desalination processes, including the currently dominating technology, Reverse Osmosis ($0.45-2.00/m(3)). Some major advantages promised by the ZTIMD include (1) With no requirement of external thermal energy input, ZTIMD is an inherently energy-saving process, (2) it is economically competitive to existing desalination technologies, and (3) it is waste-free. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.