Quercetin protects the impairment of memory and anxiogenic-like behavior in rats exposed to cadmium: Possible involvement of the acetylcholinesterase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities

The present study investigated the effects of quercetin in the impairment of memory and anxiogenic-like behavior induced by cadmium (Cd) exposure. We also investigated possible alterations in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+,K+-ATPase and delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activities as well as in oxidative stress parameters in the CNS. Rats were exposed to Cd (2.5 mg/kg) and quercetin (5, 25 or 50 mg/kg) by gavage for 45 days. Animals were divided into eight groups (n = 10-14): saline/control, saline/Querc 5 mg/kg, saline/Querc 25 mg/kg, saline/Querc 50 mg/kg, Cd/ethanol, Cd/Querc 5 mg/kg, Cd/Querc 25 mg/kg and Cd/Querc 50 mg/kg. Results demonstrated that Cd impaired memory has an anxiogenic effect. Quercetin prevented these harmful effects induced by Cd. AChE activity decreased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and increased in the hypothalamus of Cd-exposed rats. The Na+,K+-ATPase activity decreased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of Cd-exposed rats. Quercetin prevented these effects in AChE and Na+,K+-ATPase activities. Reactive oxygen species production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, protein carbonyl content and double-stranded DNA fractions increased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of Cd-exposed rats. Quercetin totally or partially prevents these effects caused by Cd. Total thiols (T-SHs), reduced glutathione (GSH), and reductase glutathione (GR) activities decreased and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity increased in Cd exposed rats. Co-treatment with quercetin prevented reduction in T-SH, GSH, and GR activities and the rise of GST activity. The present findings show that quercetin prevents alterations in oxidative stress parameters as well as AChE and Na+,K+-ATPase activities, consequently preventing memory impairment and anxiogenic-like behavior displayed by Cd exposure. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the neuroprotective role of quercetin, emphasizing the influence of this flavonoid in the diet for human health, possibly preventing brain injury associated with Cd intoxication. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.