Ultrasonic-assisted solution combustion synthesis of porous Na3V2(PO4)3/C: formation mechanism and sodium storage performance

Solution combustion synthesis (SCS)is an effective and rapid method for synthesizing nanocrystalline materials. However, the control over size, morphology, and microstructure are rather limited in SCS. Here, we develop a novel ultrasonic-assisted solution combustion route to synthesize the porous and nanosized Na3V2(PO4)(3)/C composites, and reveal the effects of ultrasound on the structural evolution of NVP/C. Due to the cavitation effects generated from ultrasonic irradiation, the ultrasonic-assisted SCS can produce honeycomb precursor, which can be further transformed into porous Na3V2(PO4)(3)/C with reticular and hollow structures after thermal treatment. When used as cathode material for Na-ion batteries, the porous Na3V2(PO4)(3)/C delivers an initial discharge capacity of 118 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C and an initial coulombic efficiency of 85%. It can retain 93.8% of the initial capacity after 120 cycles at 0.2 C. The results demonstrate that ultrasonic-assisted SCS can be a new strategy to design crystalline nanomaterials with tunable microstructures.