Transparent, Flexible, and Strong 2,3-Dialdehyde Cellulose Films with High Oxygen Barrier Properties

2,3-Dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) of a high degree of oxidation (92% relative to AGU units) prepared by oxidation of microcrystalline cellulose with sodium periodate (48 degrees C, 19 h) is soluble in hot water. Solution casting, slow air drying, hot pressing, and reinforcement by cellulose nanocrystals afforded films (similar to 100 mu m thickness) that feature intriguing properties: they have very smooth surfaces (SEM), are highly flexible, and have good light transmittance for both the visible and near-infrared range (89-91%), high tensile strength (81-122 MPa), and modulus of elasticity (3.4-4.0 GPa) depending on hydration state and respective water content. The extraordinarily low oxygen permeation of <0.005 cm(3) mu m m(-2) day(-1) kPa(-1) (50% RH) and <0.03 cm(3) mu m m(-2) day(-1) kPa(-1) (80% RH) can be regarded as a particularly interesting feature of DAC films. The unusually high initial contact angle of about 67 revealed a rather low hydrophilicity compared to other oxidatively modified or unmodified cellulosic materials which is most likely the result of inter- and intramolecular hemiacetal and hemialdal formation during drying and pressing.