FIRST NuSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF MRK 501 WITHIN A RADIO TO TeV MULTI-INSTRUMENT CAMPAIGN

被引：57

作者：

Furniss, A. ^{[1
]}

Noda, K. ^{[2
]}

Boggs, S. ^{[3
]}

Chiang, J. ^{[4
]}

Christensen, F. ^{[5
]}

Craig, W. ^{[6
,7
]}

Giommi, P. ^{[8
]}

Hailey, C. ^{[9
]}

Harisson, F. ^{[10
]}

Madejski, G. ^{[4
]}

Nalewajko, K. ^{[4
]}

Perri, M. ^{[11
]}

Stern, D. ^{[12
]}

Urry, M. ^{[13
]}

Verrecchia, F. ^{[11
]}

Zhang, W. ^{[14
]}

Ahnen, M. L. ^{[15
]}

Ansoldi, S. ^{[16
,17
]}

Antonelli, L. A. ^{[18
]}

Antoranz, P. ^{[19
,20
]}

Babic, A. ^{[21
,22
]}

Banerjee, B. ^{[23
]}

Bangale, P. ^{[2
]}

de Almeida, U. Barres ^{[2
,24
]}

Barrio, J. A. ^{[25
]}

Becerra Gonzalez, J. ^{[14
,26
,27
,28
]}

Bednarek, W. ^{[29
]}

Bernardini, E. ^{[30
,31
]}

Biasuzzi, B. ^{[16
,17
]}

Biland, A. ^{[15
]}

Blanch, O. ^{[32
]}

Bonnefoy, S. ^{[25
]}

Bonnoli, G. ^{[18
]}

Borracci, F. ^{[2
]}

Bretz, T. ^{[33
,34
]}

Carmona, E. ^{[35
]}

Carosi, A. ^{[18
]}

Chatterjee, A. ^{[24
]}

Clavero, R. ^{[26
]}

Colin, P. ^{[2
]}

Colombo, E. ^{[26
]}

Contreras, J. L. ^{[25
]}

Cortina, J. ^{[32
]}

Covino, S. ^{[18
]}

Da Vela, P. ^{[19
,20
]}

Dazzi, F. ^{[2
]}

De Angelis, A. ^{[36
,37
]}

De Caneva, G. ^{[30
]}

De Lotto, B. ^{[16
,17
]}

de Ona Wilhelmi, E. ^{[38
]}

机构：

[1] Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[2] Max Planck Inst Phys & Astrophys, D-80805 Munich, Germany

[3] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[4] Stanford Univ, Kavli Inst Particle Astrophys & Cosmol, SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[5] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DTU Space, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

[6] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA

[7] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[8] Italian Space Agcy ASI, ASI Sci Data Ctr, Rome, Italy

[9] Columbia Univ, Columbia Astrophys Lab, New York, NY 10027 USA

[10] CALTECH, Cahill Ctr Astron & Astrophys, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[11] INAF OAR, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone, RM, Italy

[12] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

[13] Yale Univ, Dept Phys, Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys, POB 208120, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

[14] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[15] ETH, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

[16] Univ Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy

[17] INFN Trieste, I-33100 Udine, Italy

[18] INAF Natl Inst Astrophys, I-00136 Rome, Italy

[19] Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy

[20] INFN Pisa, I-53100 Siena, Italy

[21] Univ Rijeka, Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Croatian MAGIC Consortium, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia

[22] Univ Split, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia

[23] Saha Inst Nucl Phys, 1-AF Bidhannagar,Sect 1, Kolkata 700064, India

[24] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis CBPF MCTI, R Dr Xavier Sigaud 150 Urca, BR-22290180 Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

[25] Univ Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[26] Inst Astrofis Canarias, E-38200 Tenerife, Spain

[27] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[28] Univ Maryland, Dept Astron, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[29] Univ Lodz, PL-90236 Lodz, Poland

[30] DESY, Platanenallee 6, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

[31] Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, Newtonstr 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

[32] IFAE, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain

[33] Univ Wurzburg, D-97074 Wurzburg, Germany

[34] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

[35] Ctr Invest Energet Medioambientales & Tecnol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[36] Univ Padua, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[37] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-35131 Padua, Italy

[38] Inst Space Sci, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

[39] Tech Univ Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany

[40] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Fis, Unitat Fis Radiac, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

[41] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, CERES IEEC, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

[42] Univ Barcelona, ICC, IEEC UB, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain

[43] Univ Tokyo, Japanese MAGIC Consortium, ICRR, Dept Phys, Tokyo 1138654, Japan

[44] Univ Tokushima, Kyoto Univ, Tokai Univ, Hakubi Ctr,KEK, Tokushima, Japan

[45] Univ Turku, Tuorla Observ, Finnish MAGIC Consortium, Turku, Finland

[46] Univ Oulu, Dept Phys, Oulu, Finland

[47] Inst Nucl Energy Res, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

[48] Finnish Ctr Astron ESO FINCA, Turku, Finland

[49] INAF Trieste, Trieste, Italy

[50] Univ Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL | 2015年 / 812卷 / 01期

基金：

加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会; 爱尔兰科学基金会; 芬兰科学院; 美国国家航空航天局;

关键词：

BL Lacertae objects: general; galaxies: individual (Markarian 501); X-rays: galaxies; GAMMA-RAY EMISSION; LOG-PARABOLIC SPECTRA; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; X-RAY; MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS; PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; CRAB-NEBULA; FERMI-LAT; VARIABILITY; RADIATION;

D O I：

10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/65

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We report on simultaneous broadband observations of the TeV-emitting blazar Markarian 501 between 2013 April 1 and August 10, including the first detailed characterization of the synchrotron peak with Swift and NuSTAR. During the campaign, the nearby BL Lac object was observed in both a quiescent and an elevated state. The broadband campaign includes observations with NuSTAR, MAGIC, VERITAS, the Fermi Large Area Telescope, Swift X-ray Telescope and UV Optical Telescope, various ground-based optical instruments, including the GASP-WEBT program, as well as radio observations by OVRO, Metsahovi, and the F-Gamma consortium. Some of the MAGIC observations were affected by a sand layer from the Saharan desert, and had to be corrected using event-by-event corrections derived with a Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) facility. This is the first time that LIDAR information is used to produce a physics result with Cherenkov Telescope data taken during adverse atmospheric conditions, and hence sets a precedent for the current and future ground-based gamma-ray instruments. The NuSTAR instrument provides unprecedented sensitivity in hard X-rays, showing the source to display a spectral energy distribution (SED) between 3 and 79 keV consistent with a log-parabolic spectrum and hard X-ray variability on hour timescales. None (of the four extended NuSTAR observations) show evidence of the onset of inverse-Compton emission at hard X-ray energies. We apply a single-zone equilibrium synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model to five simultaneous broadband SEDs. We find that the SSC model can reproduce the observed broadband states through a decrease in the magnetic field strength coinciding with an increase in the luminosity and hardness of the relativistic leptons responsible for the high-energy emission.

引用

页数：22

共 98 条

[1]

Abdo AA, 2011, ASTROPHYS J, V731, DOI 10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/77

[2] INSIGHTS INTO THE HIGH-ENERGY γ-RAY EMISSION OF MARKARIAN 501 FROM EXTENSIVE MULTIFREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS IN THE FERMI ERA [J].

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Allafort, A. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Baring, M. G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bouvier, A. ;

Brandt, T. J. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brez, A. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Carrigan, S. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Celik, O. . ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Cutini, S. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

de Palma, F. ;

do Couto e Silva, E. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Dubois, R. ;

Dumora, D. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 727 (02)

[3] MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE FLARING GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR 3C 66A IN 2008 OCTOBER [J].

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Blandford, R. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bouvier, A. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brez, A. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Carrigan, S. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Celik, Oe. ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Costamante, L. ;

Cutini, S. ;

Davis, D. S. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

de Palma, F. ;

Digel, S. W. ;

do Couto e Silva, E. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Dubois, R. ;

Dumora, D. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Frailis, M. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 726 (01)

[4] DISCOVERY OF VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY RADIATION FROM THE BL LAC 1ES 0806+524 [J].

Acciari, V. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Arlen, T. ;

Bautista, M. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boettcher, M. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Butt, Y. ;

Byrum, K. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Celik, O. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Chow, Y. C. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Colin, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Dickherber, R. ;

Duke, C. ;

Ergin, T. ;

Falcone, A. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Finnegan, G. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gibbs, K. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Hays, E. ;

Holder, J. ;

Horan, D. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Imran, A. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. ;

Kildea, J. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2009, 690 (02) :L126-L129

[5] VERITAS discovery of >200 GeV gamma-ray emission from the intermediate-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae object W Comae [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boettcher, M. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Butt, Y. ;

Celik, O. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Chow, Y. C. K. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Colin, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Daniel, M. K. ;

Ergin, T. ;

Falcone, A. D. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Finnegan, G. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. F. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Hays, E. ;

Holder, J. ;

Horan, D. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Imran, A. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. B. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. ;

Lang, M. J. ;

LeBohec, S. ;

Lee, K. ;

Maier, G. ;

McCann, A. ;

McCutcheon, M. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2008, 684 (02) :L73-L77

[6] Veritas observations of the γ-ray binary LS I+61 303 [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Blaylock, G. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Butt, Y. ;

Byrum, K. L. ;

Celik, O. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Chow, Y. C. K. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Colin, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Daniel, M. K. ;

Duke, C. ;

Ergin, T. ;

Falcone, A. D. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. F. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gibbs, K. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Hays, E. ;

Holder, J. ;

Horan, D. ;

Hughes, S. B. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Kieda, D. B. ;

Kildea, J. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. ;

Lang, M. J. ;

LeBohec, S. ;

Lee, K. ;

Maier, G. ;

McCann, A. ;

McCutcheon, M. ;

Millis, J. ;

Moriarty, P. ;

Mukherjee, R. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2008, 679 (02) :1427-1432

[7] SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF MARKARIAN 501: QUIESCENT STATE VERSUS EXTREME OUTBURST [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Arlen, T. ;

Aune, T. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boettcher, M. ;

Boltuch, D. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Cui, W. ;

Dickherber, R. ;

Duke, C. ;

Errando, M. ;

Falcone, A. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Finnegan, G. ;

Fortson, L. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Galante, N. ;

Gall, D. ;

Godambe, S. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Holder, J. ;

Huang, D. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Imran, A. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. ;

Madhavan, A. S. ;

Maier, G. ;

McArthur, S. ;

McCann, A. ;

Moriarty, P. ;

Ong, R. A. ;

Otte, A. N. ;

Pandel, D. ;

Perkins, J. S. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 729 (01)

[8] MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF A TeV-FLARE FROM W COMAE [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Aune, T. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boettcher, M. ;

Boltuch, D. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Byrum, K. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Dickherber, R. ;

Duke, C. ;

Falcone, A. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Galante, N. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gibbs, K. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Holder, J. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. ;

Lang, M. J. ;

LeBohec, S. ;

Maier, G. ;

McArthur, S. ;

McCann, A. ;

McCutcheon, M. ;

Millis, J. ;

Moriarty, P. ;

Ong, R. A. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 707 (01) :612-620

[9] SIMULTANEOUS MULTIWAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF MARKARIAN 421 DURING OUTBURST [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Aune, T. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boettcher, M. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Butt, Y. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Celik, O. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Chow, Y. C. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Colin, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Dickherber, R. ;

Duke, C. ;

Falcone, A. D. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Finnegan, G. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Holder, J. ;

Horan, D. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. ;

Kildea, J. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. ;

Lang, M. J. ;

LeBohec, S. ;

Maier, G. ;

McCann, A. ;

Millis, J. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2009, 703 (01) :169-178

[10]

Aharonian F. A., 2002, PHYS REV D, V66, P2

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →