Cultural influences on burnout: a Swedish-American comparison

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that culture influences burnout. Characterized by emotional, cognitive and physical exhaustion, burnout stems from chronic, unresolvable stress experienced when resources to meet demands are insufficient or inaccessible. This study investigated whether people in the US experience burnout differently than people in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach - The relationship between demands and burnout was hypothesized to be mediated by perceived stress, role conflict and role ambiguity. Country was hypothesized to moderate these relationships. Data collected through surveys from Swedish and American participants were analyzed using a process macro model. Findings - The results showed demands as positively related to burnout. This relationship was mediated by perceived stress and the mediation was moderated by country with a stronger effect for Swedes. The relationship between demands and role conflict was significant and moderated by country; however, role conflict did not predict burnout. Role ambiguity was not a significant predictor or mediator. After accounting for covariates and predictors, demands generated unique variance in burnout and country played a moderating role in this direct relationship, which was stronger for Americans than Swedes. Originality/value - The results suggest that culture may play a role in the burnout process. Although a global issue, between-country differences and cultural influences on burnout have received little attention, even though shared culture governs perceptions, identities, roles, norms and practices associated with known predictors of burnout. By examining burnout cross-culturally, this study adds to the limited literature on burnout processes across different professional contexts.