Soy isoflavone genistein modulates cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in HER-2/neu oncogene expressing human breast epithelial cells

In the multistep progressive pathogenesis of human breast cancer, comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents a preinvasive precursor lesion for therapy resistant invasive cancer. Human tissue derived cell culture models exhibiting molecular similarities to clinical DCIS facilitate an important preclinical mechanistic approach for evaluation of preventive efficacy of natural and synthetic chemopreventive compounds. Natural phytochemicals present in fresh fruits, vegetables and grain products are likely to offer protection against cancer. The clinical efficacy of these natural phytochemicals, however, depends on extrapolation, and is therefore equivocal. The present study determined whether the natural soy isoflavone genistein (GEN) inhibited aberrant proliferation in 184-B5/HER cells (a model for human comedo DCIS) and identified possible mechanisms responsible for its efficacy. Human reduction mammoplasty derived HER-2/neu oncogene expressing preneoplastic 184-B5/HER cells represented the experimental system. Flow cytometry and cellular epifluorescence based assays were utilized to quantitate the alterations in cell cycle progression, cellular apoptosis, and in the status of cell cycle regulatory and apoptosis-associated gene product expression. The 184-B5/HER cells exhibited specific immunofluorescence to p185(HER), p53, EGFR, but not to ERalpha, thus resembling comedo DCIS. Treatment of 184-B5/HER cells with GEN resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the viable cell population, increase in the G(0)/G(1):S + G(2)/M ratio and enhancement of sub G(0)/G(1) (apoptotic population). Exposure to the maximum cytostatic 10 muM dose of GEN down-regulated HER-2/neu mediated signal transduction as evidenced by a 73.9% decrease (p=0.001) in p185(HER) specific, and a 89.8% decrease (p=0.001) in phosphotyrosine specific immunofluorescence. The increase in G(0)G(1):S + G(2)/M ratio in response to the treatment with 10 muM GEN was associated with a 85.5% decrease (p=0.001) in immunoreactivity to PCNA and a 128.6% increase (p=0.004) in immunoreactivity to the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4). The induction of apoptosis by GEN was associated with a 52.8% decrease (p=0.001) in the immunoreactivity to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and with a 195.9% (p=0.001) increase in the immunoreactivity to proapoptotic Bax. Thus, preventive efficacy of GEN in HER-2/ neu(+)/ER- 184-B5/HER cells may be due to its ability to down-regulate HER-2/neu mediated signal transduction, increase the expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16(INK4), and induce Bcl-2 dependent apoptosis. These data provide evidence that GEN may be a potential chemopreventive lead compound for human comedo DCIS. The 184-B5/HER cells, may therefore, provide a high throughput mechanistic bioassay to identify new chemopreventive agents for human breast cancer.