Observations on colony defense of Apis nuluensis Tingek, Koeniger and Koeniger, 1996 and predatory behavior of the hornet, Vespa multimaculata Perez, 1910

Colony defense and predatory behavior of Vespa multimaculata was observed at the entrance of a natural nest site of Apis nuluensis. When V multimaculaia was present, guard bees frequently performed body shaking behavior: bees lifted the tip of the abdomen slightly spreading the wings and exposed the Nasonov gland. The oscillation of the abdomen tip had an amplitude of 83 degrees (SD = 50 degrees; n = 84) and its duration was 0.08 s (SD = 0.01; n = 84). The individual behavior resulted in the rapid formation of a group of guard bees and induced body shaking of neighboring bees. The hunting V multimaculata workers hovered about 5-10 cm in front of the nest and blocked the direct flight path of bees returning to the nest. Returning foragers are regularly diverted from the nest entrances and attracted to the body shaking guard bees where they land beyond the reach of hovering V multimaculata. In contrast to Apis cerana, A nuluensis exposes its Nasonov gland during body shaking. During a period of 12 h one V multimaculata worker caught 14 bees. At the end of the observation we brought the hornet (tethered to a wire) into contact with a group of bees at the nest entrance. The A nuluensis guard bees immediately balled and killed the hornet with heat.