Mutation rates in humans. II. Sporadic mutation-specific rates and rate of detrimental human mutations inferred from hemophilia B

We estimated the rates per base per generation of specific types of mutations, using our direct estimate of the overall mutation rate for hemophilia B and information on the mutations present in the United Kingdom's population as well as those reported year by year in the hemophilia B world database. These rates are as follows: transitions at CpG sites 9.7 x 10(-8), other transitions 7.3 x 10(-9), transversions at CpG sites 5.4 x 10(-9), other transversions 6.9 x 10(-9), and small deletions/insertions causing frameshifts 3.2 x 10(-10). By taking into account the ratio of male to female mutation rates, the above figures were converted into rates appropriate for autosomal DNA-namely, 1.3 x 10(-7), 9.3 x 10(-9), 7.3 x 10(-9), 3.4 x 10(-9), 6.5 x 10(-10), where the latter is the rate for all small deletion/insertion events. Mutation rates were also independently estimated from the sequence divergence observed in randomly chosen sequences from the human and chimpanzee X and Y chromosomes. These estimates were highly compatible with those obtained from hemophilia B and showed higher mutation rates in the male, but they showed no evidence for a significant excess of transitions at CpG sites in the spectrum of Y-sequence divergence relative to that of X-chromosome divergence. Our data suggest an overall mutation rate of 2.14 x 10(-8) per base per generation, or 128 mutations per human zygote. Since the effective target for hemophilia B mutations is only 1.05% of the factor IX gene, the rate of detrimental mutations, per human zygote, suggested by the hemophilia data is similar to 1.3.