Colorectal cancer: From prevention to personalized medicine

被引:282
作者
Binefa, Gemma [1 ,2 ]
Rodriguez-Moranta, Francisco [3 ]
Teule, Alex [4 ]
Medina-Hayas, Manuel [5 ]
机构
[1] CIBERESP, IDIBELL, Hosp Llobregat, Catalan Inst Oncol,Canc Prevent & Control Program, Barcelona 08908, Spain
[2] Univ Barcelona, Hosp Llobregat, Dept Clin Sci, Barcelona 08908, Spain
[3] Univ Hosp Bellvitge, CIBERESP, IDIBELL, Hospitalet Llobregat,Endoscopy Unit, Barcelona 08908, Spain
[4] Hosp Llobregat, Catalan Inst Oncol, Genet Counseling Unit, Barcelona 08908, Spain
[5] Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Morphol Sci, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
关键词
Colorectal cancer; Prevention; Mass screening; Biological markers; Drug therapy; FECAL OCCULT BLOOD; PHASE-III TRIAL; ISLAND METHYLATOR PHENOTYPE; CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC COLONOGRAPHY; CYCLOOXYGENASE-2; MESSENGER-RNA; OXALIPLATIN-BASED CHEMOTHERAPY; FLUOROURACIL PLUS LEUCOVORIN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; WORLD-HEALTH-ORGANIZATION;
D O I
10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6786
中图分类号
R57 [消化系及腹部疾病];
学科分类号
摘要
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a very heterogeneous disease that is caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. CRC develops through a gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to the transformation of normal colonic mucosa into invasive cancer. CRC is one of the most prevalent and incident cancers worldwide, as well as one of the most deadly. Approximately 1235108 people are diagnosed annually with CRC, and 609051 die from CRC annually. The World Health Organization estimates an increase of 77% in the number of newly diagnosed cases of CRC and an increase of 80% in deaths from CRC by 2030. The incidence of CRC can benefit from different strategies depending on its stage: health promotion through health education campaigns (when the disease is not yet present), the implementation of screening programs (for detection of the disease in its early stages), and the development of nearly personalized treatments according to both patient characteristics (age, sex) and the cancer itself (gene expression). Although there are different strategies for screening and although the number of such strategies is increasing due to the potential of emerging technologies in molecular marker application, not all strategies meet the criteria required for screening tests in population programs; the three most accepted tests are the fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. FOBT is the most used method for CRC screening worldwide and is also the primary choice in most population-based screening programs in Europe. Due to its non-invasive nature and low cost, it is one of the most accepted techniques by population. CRC is a very heterogeneous disease, and with a few exceptions (APC, p53, KRAS), most of the genes involved in CRC are observed in a small percentage of cases. The design of genetic and epigenetic marker panels that are able to provide maximum coverage in the diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia seems a reasonable strategy. In recent years, the use of DNA, RNA and protein markers in different biological samples has been explored as strategies for CRC diagnosis. Although there is not yet sufficient evidence to recommend the analysis of biomarkers such as DNA, RNA or proteins in the blood or stool, it is likely that given the quick progression of technology tools in molecular biology, increasingly sensitive and less expensive, these tools will gradually be employed in clinical practice and will likely be developed in mass. (C) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:6786 / 6808
页数:23
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