The role of obesity and environmental factors such as diet and physical activity in the etiopathogenesis of fertility disorders

The most common causes affecting female reproductive potential in Poland are anovulatory cycles, diseases of the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum, male factor, and pathological changes of the uterus. It was observed that among couples originating from villages, there is a higher share of tubal infertility factor, while among couples originating from cities - of male factor. Environmental factors have been known to be part of infertility etiopathogenesis. However, despite the advances of recent years, the types of these factors and their mechanisms have not been sufficiently explained. Studies have demonstrated that there is a relation between diet and ovulatory infertility. The factors that reduce the risk of infertility include the presence of sufficient amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet and reduced intake of isomers of trans fatty acids (TFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). Replacing animal proteins with plant proteins is also advantageous. Other important factors are low glycemic diet, high intake of fat-rich dairy products, and provision of the right amount of vitamins and non-haem iron in the form of plants and dietary supplements. Multiple studies have demonstrated that improper nutritional status, including weight deficiency or excessive weight, may have an adverse effect on female and male fertility. Physical activity is also an important factor influencing female reproductive functions. In conjunction with an appropriate diet, exercise reduces abdominal obesity and improves insulin sensitivity, thus directly decreasing the risk of infertility.