Synthesis and application of bilayer-surfactant-enveloped Fe3O4 nanoparticles: water-based bilayer-surfactant-enveloped ferrofluids

Superparamagnetic carbon-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles with high magnetization (85 emu center dot g(-1)) and high crystallinity were synthesized using polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG (4000)) as a carbon source. Fe3O4 water-based bilayer-surfactant-enveloped ferrofluids were subsequently prepared using sodium oleate and PEG (4000) as dispersants. Analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicate that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a bilayer surfactant coating retain the inverse spinel-type structure and are successfully coated with sodium oleate and PEG (4000). Transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and particle-size analysis results indicate that the coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles also retain the good saturation magnetization of Fe3O4 (79.6 emu center dot g(-1)) and that the particle size of the bilayer-surfactant-enveloped Fe3O4 nanoparticles is 42.97 nm, which is substantially smaller than that of the unmodified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (486.2 nm). UV-vis and zeta-potential analyses reveal that the ferrofluids does not agglomerate for 120 h at a concentration of 4 g center dot L-1, which indicates that the ferrofluids are highly stable.