Phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of crude extract, subsequent fractions and crude saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L

Background: We investigated Polygonum hydropiper L. (P. hydropiper) for phenolic contents, antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities, in an attempt to rationalize its use in neurological disorders. Methods: Plant crude extract (Ph.Cr), its subsequent fractions: n-hexane (Ph.Hex), chloroform (Ph. Chf), ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc), n-Butanol (Ph.Bt), aqueous (Ph.Aq) and saponins (Ph.Sp) were evaluated for 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 azinobis[3 ethylbenzthiazoline] 6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging potential. Further, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) & butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities were performed using Ellman's assay. Moreover, total phenolic contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry sample (mg GAE/g dry weight). Results: Among different fractions, Ph.Cr (90.82), Ph.Chf (178.16), Ph.EtAc (203.44) and Ph.Bt (153.61) exhibited high phenolic contents. All fractions showed concentration dependent DPPH scavenging activity, with Ph.EtAc 71.33% (IC50 15 mu g/ml), Ph.Bt 71.40% (IC50 3 mu g/ml) and Ph. Sp 71.40% (IC50 35 mu g/ml) were most potent. The plant extracts exhibited high ABTS scavenging ability i.e. Ph.Bt (91.03%), Ph.EtAc (90.56%), Ph. Sp (90.84%), Ph.Aq (90.56%) with IC50 < 0.01 mu g/ml. All fractions showed moderate to high AChE inhibitory activity as; Ph.Cr, 86.87% (IC50 330 mu g/ml), Ph.Hex, 87.49% (IC50 35 mu g/ml), Ph.Chf, 84.76% (IC50 55 mu g/ml), Ph.Sp, 87.58% (IC50 108 mu g/ml) and Ph.EtAc 79.95% (IC50 310 mu g/ml) at 1 mg/ml). Furthermore the BChE inhibitory activity was most prominent in Ph.Hex 90.30% (IC50 40 mu g/ml), Ph.Chf 85.94% (IC50 215 mu g/ml), Ph.Aq 87.62% (IC50 3 mu g/ml) and Ph.EtAc 81.01% (IC50 395 mu g/ml) fractions. Conclusions: In this study, for the first time, we determined phenolic contents, isolated crude saponins, investigated antioxidant and anticholinestrase potential of P. hydropiper extracts. The results indicate that P. hydropiper is enriched with potent bioactive compounds and warrant further investigation by isolation and structural elucidation to find novel and affordable compounds for the treatment of various neurological disorders.