Amplification of Salt-Induced Polymer Diffusiophoresis by Increasing Salting-Out Strength

The role of salting-out strength on (1) polymer diffusiophoresis from high to low salt concentration, and (2) salt osmotic diffusion from high to low polymer concentration was investigated. These two cross-diffusion phenomena were experimentally characterized by Rayleigh interferometry at 25 degrees C. Specifically, we report ternary diffusion coefficients for polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 20 kg.mol(-1)) in aqueous solutions of several salts (NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, and Na2SO4) as a function of salt concentration at low polymer concentration (0.5% w/w). We also measured polymer diffusion coefficients by dynamic light scattering in order to discuss the interpretation of these transport coefficients in the presence of cross-diffusion effects. Our cross-diffusion results, primarily those on salt osmotic diffusion, were utilized to extract N-w, the number of water molecules in thermodynamic excess around a macromolecule. This preferential-hydration parameter characterizes the salting-out strength of the employed salt. For chloride salts, changing cation has a small effect on N-w. However, replacing NaCl with Na2SO4 (i.e., changing anion) leads to a 3-fold increase in N-w, in agreement with cation and anion Hofmeister series. Theoretical arguments show that polymer diffusiophoresis is directly proportional to the difference N-w - n(w), where N-w is the number of water molecules transported by the migrating macromolecule. Interestingly, the experimental ratio, N-w/N-w, was found to be approximately the same for all investigated salts. Thus, the magnitude of polymer diffusiophoresis is also proportional to salting-out strength as described by N-w. A basic hydrodynamic model was examined in order to gain physical insight on the role of N-w in particle diffusiophoresis and explain the observed invariance of N-w/N-w. Finally, we consider a steady-state diffusion problem to show that concentration gradients of strong salting-out agents such as Na2SO4 can produce large amplifications and depletions of macromolecule concentration. These effects may be exploited in self-assembly and adsorption processes.