Kinematics of the thoracic spine in trunk lateral bending: in vivo three-dimensional analysis

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: In vivo three-dimensional kinematics of the thoracic spine in trunk lateral bending with an intact rib cage and soft tissues has not been well documented. There is no quantitative data in the literature for lateral bending in consecutive thoracic spinal segments, and there has not been consensus on the patterns of coupled motion with lateral bending. PURPOSE: To demonstrate segmental ranges of motion (ROMs) in lateral bending and coupled motions of the thoracic spine. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo three-dimensional biomechanics study of the thoracic spine. PATIENT SAMPLE: Fifteen healthy male volunteers. OUTCOME MEASURES: Computed analysis by using voxel-based registration. METHODS: Participants underwent computed tomography of the thoracic spine in three supine positions: neutral, right maximum lateral bending, and left maximum lateral bending. The relative motions of vertebrae were calculated by automatically superimposing an image of vertebrae in a neutral position over images in bending positions, using voxel-based registration. Mean values of lateral bending were compared among the upper (T1-T2 to T3-T4), the middle-upper (T4-T5 to T6-T7), the middle-lower (T7-T8 to T9-T10), and the lower (T10-T11 to T12-L1) parts of the spine. RESULTS: At lateral bending, the mean ROM (+/- standard deviation) of T1 with respect to L1 was 15.6 degrees +/- 6.3 degrees for lateral bending and 6.2 degrees +/- 4.8 degrees for coupled axial rotation in the same direction as lateral bending. The mean lateral bending of each spinal segment with respect to the inferior adjacent vertebra was 1.4 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees at T1-T2, 1.3 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees at T2-T3, 1.4 degrees +/- 1.3 degrees at T3-T4, 0.9 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees at T4-T5, 0.8 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees at T5-T6, 1.1 degrees +/- 1.1 degrees at T6-T7, 1.7 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees at T7-T8, 1.3 degrees +/- 1.2 degrees at T8-T9, 1.6 degrees +/- 0.7 degrees at T9-T10, 1.8 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees at T10-T11, 2.3 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees at T11-T12, and 2.2 degrees +/- 0.8 degrees at T12-L1. The smallest and the largest amounts of lateral bending were observed in the middle-upper and the lower parts, respectively. There was no significant difference in lateral bending between the upper and the middle-lower parts. Coupled axial rotation of each segment was generally observed in the same direction as lateral bending. However, high variability was found at the T2-T3 to T5-T6 segments. Coupled flexion was observed at the upper and middle parts, and coupled extension was observed at the lower part. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed in vivo three-dimensional motions of consecutive thoracic spinal segments in trunk lateral bending. The thoracolumbar segments significantly contributed to lateral bending. Coupled axial rotation generally occurred in the same direction with lateral bending. However, more variability was observed in the direction of coupled axial rotation at T2-T3 to T5-T6 segments in the supine position. These results are useful for understanding normal kinematics of the thoracic spine. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.