Towards political cohesion in metropolitan areas: an overview of governance models

As cities grew beyond their administrative borders, the demand for metropolitan governance appeared. The last 50 years have proven that there is no one, universal model of metropolitan governance, as urban regions are very different all around the world. However, it seems quite obvious that if metropolises are to be the forefront of development, they need to provide a widely defined cohesion within their subordinate territories. Metropolitan political cohesion may be defined as a collaborative public governance that offers tailored managerial solutions for enhancing development based on the subsidiarity principle and the place-based approach. Drawing on lessons from major cities in North America and Europe (Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Hannover, London, Wroclaw and Toronto), the paper intends to dive into a few, selected cases of metropolitan government and the causes behind their failure and reappearance. How have various governments met the cardinal question of metropolises: to provide a resilient match between the functional urban region and the administrative structure? The answer to this question is not straightforward. Metropolitan authorities all over the world manage exceptionally complex systems, where the diversity of actors, complexity of relations and interdependences across an extended, fragmented and dynamic metropolitan region restrain governability. However, some general trends in metropolitan governance may be outlined, regarding recent history, main types of governance and legitimacy of metropolitan administration.