Dynamic modelling of lead/acid batteries using impedance spectroscopy for parameter identification

A precise battery model is set up that gives the terminal voltage as a function of current and time. The model structure is based on a Randles' equivalent circuit. The non-linear dependence of all equivalent-circuit elements on current and frequency is taken into account. Model parameters are determined by impedance spectroscopy with various superimposed direct currents. Detailed measurements show that this battery model calculates the terminal voltage of lead/acid batteries with a tolerance of less than +/-0.2%. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.