Native and genetically inactivated pertussis toxins induce human dendritic cell maturation and synergize with lipopolysaccharide in promoting T helper type 1 responses

The capacity of pertussis toxin (PT) to induce maturation and functional activities of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) was investigated. Both native PT (nPT) and genetically detoxified PT (dPT) efficiently promoted expression on DCs of CD80, CD86, human leukocyte antigen-DR, and CD83 markers, alloreactive antigen presentation, and cytokine production, primarily interferon (IFN)-gamma. Although they did not affect interleukin (IL)-10 production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated DCs, both nPT and dPT strongly synergized with LPS for IL-12 production. PTs plus LPS-stimulated DCs secreted soluble factors fostering IFN-gamma but not IL-4 and IL-5 production by naive T cells. T helper type 1 (Th1) polarization was, as alloreactive antigen presentation, inhibited by anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody. These findings support the notion that nPT, in addition to inducing specific immune response, is a potent Th1 adjuvant and that dPT fully preserves this adjuvanticity. The synergic interaction between PT and LPS in IL-12 production might be relevant for the mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection.