Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) from Brazilian caves

To date, six species of terrestrial isopods were known from Brazilian caves, but only four could be classified as troglobites. This article deals with material of Oniscidea collected in many Brazilian karst caves in the states of Para, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Sao Paulo, and deposited in the collections of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, the Colecao de Carcinologia do Departamento de Zoo logia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and the collection of the Natural History Museum, Section of Zoology 'La Speco la', Florence. Three new genera have been recognized: Spelunconiscus gen. nov. and Xangoniscus gen. nov. (Styloniscidae), and Leonard oscia gen. nov. (Philosciidae). Twenty-two species have been identified, 11 of which in the families Styloniscidae, Philosciidae, Scleropactidae, Plathyartridae, Dubioniscidae, and Armadillidae are new to science: Leonardoscia hassalli sp. nov., Metaprosekia quadriocellata sp. nov., Metaprosehia caupe sp. nov., Amazon iscus leistikowi sp. nov., Novamundoniscus altamiraensis sp. nov., Trichorhina yiara sp. nov., Trichorhina curupira sp. nov., and Ctenorillo ferrarai sp. nov. from Para; Xangon,iscus aganju sp. nov. from Bahia; and Spelunconiscus castroi sp. nov. and Trichorhina anhanguera sp. nov. from Minas Gerais. Four new species in the families Styloniscidae (Spelunconiscus castroi sp. nov. and Xangoniscus aganju sp. nov.), Philosciidae (Leonardoscia hassalli sp. nov.), and Scleropactidae (Amazoniscus leistikowi sp. nov.) with highly troglomorphic traits can be considered as troglohitic, whereas all the remaining species are either troglophilic or accidentals. Brazilian caves are now under potential threat because of recent