Geochemistry of metamorphosed volcanic rocks in the Neoarchean Qingyuan greenstone belt, North China Craton: Implications for geodynamic evolution and VMS mineralization

The Qingyuan greenstone belt (QGB) situated in the northeastern section of the North China Craton (NCC) is considered to be the unique metallogenic province in China that hosts both banded iron formations (BIFs) and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. Traditionally, the QGB is divided into the Hunbei and Hunnan terranes separated by the Hunhe fault and grouped into the lower Shipengzi, middle Hongtoushan, and upper Nantianmen formations, which have undergone amphibolite- to granulite-facies metamorphism. Exposed supracrustal rocks are composed of plagioclase amphibolite and biotite plagioclase gneiss with minor amounts of BIF, marble, and schist. In this study, detailed field and petrographic observations, lithogeochemical, U-Pb geochronological, as well as whole-rock Sm-Nd isotope analyses were conducted on the metamorphosed mafic and felsic volcanic rocks (i.e. plagioclase amphibolite and biotite plagioclase gneiss, respectively) in the QGB in order to discuss implications for tectonic evolution and comitant VMS mineralization. The supracrustal rocks of both Hunbei and Hunnan regions were formed synchronously from 2.57 to 2.53 Ga and then had undergone 2.52-2.48 Ga regional metamorphism. Specifically, the lower section of the Shipengzi Formation is composed dominantly of transitional-tholeiitic basalts with negative Nb anomalies, suggesting that they were likely generated by partial melting of a mantle source that was previously altered by variable amounts of slab-derived fluids or melts. In contrast, the lithologic assemblages grade upward into interlayered bimodal volcanic rocks (i.e. N-MORB-type tholeiitic basalts and FI- to FII-type dacites of transitional to calc-alkalic affinities), representing a change in tectonic regime related to subduction from compression to extension. Among them all the basalts are characterized by consistently positive initial Nd compositions (epsilon(Nd)(t) = +2.7 to +3.4) further indicate a depleted mantle source; whereas those dacites possess negative to positive initial Nd values (epsilon(Nd)(t) = -4.6 to +3.0), suggesting they were formed by partial melting of depleted mafic source (likely lower mafic crust) and accompanied with variable addition of old crustal material. Significantly, VMS deposits are genetically linked to this extensional event and closely associated with the FII-type dacites that were generated by higher melting degree at high-temperature conditions and shallow crustal level (likely 10-15 km). In all, geochemical features (e.g., negative Nb anomalies and epsilon(Nd) value), together with contamination from continental crusts for tholeiitic mafic rocks and inherited zircons from these volcanic rocks, imply a continental arc setting where the QGB was evolved.