Three-dimensional EM computer simulation on sprite initiation above a horizontal lightning discharge

The purpose of this paper is to study the three-dimensional (3D) effects of the source current and the electromagnetic (EM) pulse oil the distribution of upper atmospheric electric field and ionization created. A new lightning model has been employed: i.e., we have included a horizontal channel in addition to the conventional vertical channel. The effects of the horizontal lightning channel are summarized as follows: (1) the effect of a vertical channel plays a fundamental role in the whole view of sprite initiation; (2) the position of a sprite is shifted from the position of its parent vertical channel in response to the length of a horizontal channel: and (3) we observe very fine structures with local maxima and minima in the "reduced" electric field (the electric field divided by the neutral gas density). These theoretical inferences are discussed and compared with the observational facts so far reported (such as lateral shift of sprites, morphological difference of sprites, etc.). (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.