Assessment of POPs in air from Spain using passive sampling from 2008 to 2015. Part II: Spatial and temporal observations of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs

被引:21
作者
Munoz-Arnanz, Juan [1 ]
Roscales, Jose L. [1 ]
Vicente, Alba [1 ]
Ros, Maria [1 ]
Barrios, Laura [2 ]
Morales, Laura [3 ]
Abad, Esteban [3 ]
Jimenez, Begona [1 ]
机构
[1] CSIC, Inst Organ Chem, Dept Instrumental Anal & Environm Chem, IQOG, Juan Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
[2] CSIC, Comp Ctr SGAI, Dept Stat, Pinar 19, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
[3] CSIC, Inst Environm Assessment & Water Res IDAEA, Lab Dioxins, Jordi Girona 18-26, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain
关键词
PCDD/Fs; Dioxin-like PCBs; TEQ (toxic equivalent quantity); Atmospheric pollution; PUF-PAS (polyurethane foam disks-passive air sampling); Temporal trends; PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; HISTORICAL EMISSION INVENTORY; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS; STOCKHOLM CONVENTION; SEASONAL-VARIATION; AMBIENT AIR; CONGENERS; SAMPLERS; TRENDS;
D O I
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.164
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Time series (2008-2015) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in ambient air from the Spanish Monitoring Program were analyzed. A total of 321 samples were collected seasonally each year in 5 urban and 7 background sites by means of passive air sampling. Air concentrations were higher at urban than background sites (urban vs. background concentration ranges): PCDD/Fs (26.9-1010 vs. 20.0-357 fg/m(3)), non-ortho PCBs (0.113-3.14 vs. 0.042-2.00 pg/m(3)) and mono-ortho PCBs (0.644-41.3 vs. 0.500-32.8 pg/m(3)). Results showed significant decreases from 2009 for nonortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs as well as forWHO(2006)-TEQs. These declines were sharper, and sometimes only significant, in urban places resulting in converging levels at urban and background sites for these pollutants at the end of the study period. In contrast, mono-ortho PCBs did not show any significant variation but a steady flat temporal behavior in their concentrations, suggesting the existence of different sources between mono-ortho and non-ortho PCBs. Seasonality was observed for air burdens of all these POPs. PCDD/Fs were mostly measured at higher concentrations in colder than in hot seasons, and the opposite was true for dl-PCBs. Seasonal variations for PCDD/Fs appeared to be related to changes in their sources (e.g. domestic heating, open burning) rather than to temperature per se. In contrast, environmental temperature dependent factors (e.g. increased partitioning into the gas phase) drove seasonal variations in dl-PCBs instead of seasonal changes in their sources. Regarding spatial patterns, significant greater levels of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs were generally found in cities compared to background areas, pointing out the role of densely populated areas as sources for these pollutants in Spain. As proven by our results, long-term monitoring activities are essential to assess and understand temporal behaviors for these POPs, as well as to evaluate the achievement of Stockholm Convention objectives. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:1669 / 1679
页数:11
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