Noninvasive identification of epicardial ventricular tachycardia substrate by magnetic resonance based signal intensity mapping

BACKGROUND Endo-epicardial substrate ablation reduces ventricular tachycardia (VT) recurrences; however, not all patients in whom the epicardium is explored have a VT substrate. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) is used to characterize VT substrate after myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if epicardial VT substrate can be identified noninvasively by ceMRI-based endo-epicardial signal intensity (SI) mapping. METHODS Myocardial infarction was induced in 31 pigs. Four or 16 weeks Later, ceMRI was obtained, and the averaged subendocardial and subepicardial SIs were projected onto 3-dimensional endocardial and epicardiaL shells in which dense scar, heterogeneous tissue (HT), and normal tissue were differentiated. An HT channel was defined as a corridor of HT surrounded by dense scar and connected to normal tissue. A "patchy" scar pattern was defined as the presence of at least 3 dense scar islets surrounded by HT forming >= 2 HT channels. Electrophysiologic study was performed after ceMRI. RESULTS Thirty-three different sustained monomorphic VTs (291 +/- 49 ms) were induced in 25 pigs. Mid-diastolic electrograms were recorded in the endocardium (endocardial VT) in 17 and in the epicardium (epicardial VT) in 13. Epicardial SI mapping showed that scar area was similar in animals with and without epicardial VT (24 +/- 6 cm(2) vs 25 +/- 12 cm(2)), but HT covered a higher surface of the epicardial scar in animals with VT (76 +/- 6% vs 61 +/- 10%, P = .03). A patchy scar pattern was observed in all animals with epicardial VT but only in 3 animals without VT (P < .001). CONCLUSION CeMRI-based SI mapping allows identification of the epicardial VT substrate.