Beam smoothing and temporal effects: Optimized preparation of laser beams for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion

Direct-drive laser fusion received a number of setbacks from the experimental observation in the 1960s and 1970s of very complex interactions in laser plasma experiments caused by a number of nonlinear and anomalous phenomena, Although smoothing methods were introduced intuitively or empirically - succeeding in reducing these difficulties - it was not until a few years ago that the 20-ps stochastic pulsation mechanism was discovered. We assume here that this 20-ps stochastic pulsation may be the major obstacle to achieving direct-drive fusion, even though it is now generally assumed that the major challenge to the achievement of direct-drive fusion is the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. While we do not discount the importance of the Rayleigh-Taylor mechanisms, we concentrate here on the analysis of the pulsation process, A method of analysis was developed, using time-dependent real-time computations employing a genuine two-fluid model, which includes the interior electric fields and the very large amplitude longitudinal plasma oscillations that are driven by the laser field. These mechanisms, which were first suggested in 1974, reveal themselves now as self-generated von-laue gratings, preventing the propagation of laser radiation through the outermost plasma corona and preventing energy deposition by temporal interruption caused by thermal relaxation and the subsequent reestablishment of these gratings, and so on. The abolition of this pulsation by broad-band laser irradiation or other smoothing methods is now well understood. A synopsis of these developments is presented here, consistent with Rubbia's proposition of using the MJ drivers for laser fusion, the technology for which is now available.