Pain and postoperative analgesia after craniotomy

Neurosurgery has for a longtime been considered as a minimal painful surgery. This explains why there are few references in the literature concerning postoperative neurosurgical pain. Recent papers have demonstrated that even if postoperative pain is less important than in other specialities, such pain exists and should be taken care of. Rapid neurological recovery is now possible because of the progress in the surgical techniques and the introduction of new anaesthetic drugs. This implies a strict postoperative analgesic strategy in order to avoid both direct and indirect complications associated with pain. In this respect, the use of remifentanil or other techniques like target-controlled injection of opioids should absolutely be considered. In most cases, class I and II analgesics seem to provide optimal pain relief. However, for some patients, the use of an opioid may be required. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.