Activation of the interleukin-6 promoter by a dominant negative mutant of c-Jun

The human IL-6 promoter contains multiple regulatory elements such as those binding transcription factors belonging to the NF-kappaB (-75/-63), C/EBP (-158/ -145 and -87/-76) and AP-1 (-283/-277) families. Herein, we report that ectopic expression of c-Jun, C/EBP6, and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB synergistically activates an IL-6 promoter construct containing only a TATA box and a kappaB binding site. These results suggest that interactions among NF-kappaB, C/EBP, and AP-1, which are all activated by the most powerful physiological inducers of the IL-6 gene, namely TNF-alpha and IL-1, may be crucial for maximal activation of the IL-6 promoter in response to the two cytokines. Furthermore, we show that a mutated form of c-Jun lacking the transactivation domain (TAM-67) was a much stronger activator of the IL-6 promoter than c-Jun. In combination with p65 and/or C/EBP6, TAM-67 also synergistically activated the IL-6 promoter, while it inhibited TNF-alpha induced AP-1 activity directing an AP-1-responsive reporter plasmid. Lastly, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) results strongly suggest the formation of complexes between p65, C/EBP6, and/or c-Jun or TAM-67 on the kappaB site, supporting the idea that the functional synergism is determined by a physical interaction. These data provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating the formation of the transcription complex responsible for IL-6 promoter activation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.