Deep-sequencing study of HCV G4a resistance-associated substitutions in Egyptian patients failing DAA treatment

Purpose: To study resistance-associated substitutions using next-generation sequencing in Egyptian hepatitis C virus-infected patients failing direct-acting antiviral treatment. Methods: The current study describes three cases of treatment failure in patients referred to Zagazig Viral Hepatitis Treatment Center (ZVHTC), Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. RAS were identified and characterized using deep sequencing. The first patient had breakthrough while receiving a daclatasvir (DCV)+sofosbuvir (SOF) regimen, patient 2 relapsed after treatment with DCV+SOF+ribavirin (RBV), and patient 3 relapsed after DCV+SOF therapy. A serum sample was collected from each patient at failure and sent to Vall d'Hebron Research Institute at Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron in Barcelona (Spain) for deep-sequencing study to identify and characterize the RAS present in the samples. Results: The following were identified: L28M, L30S and L28M+L30S in patient 1, L30R in patient 2, and R155C, D168E, L28M, L30H, L305, L28M+L30H, and L28M+L30S in patient 3. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from Egypt of patients failing DAA-based therapy, describing the associated RAS. This information will be of help to understand the natural history of HCV in Egyptian patients and guide the proper choice of retreatment protocols.