Alleviation of lead toxicity and phytostimulation in perennial ryegrass by the Pb-resistant fungus Trichoderma asperellum SD-5

Lead (Pb), a highly toxic metal ion, is detrimental to plants and humans. Existing botanical techniques for Pb-contaminated soil remediation are limited in their efficiency. Here, we investigated the use of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg SD-5, which we identified previously as being Pb-resistant, for phytoremediation and for its effects on plant growth, Pb adsorption, and physiological responses in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. 'Lark'). We set up four soil treatments: CK (uncontaminated by Pb), T1 (1000 mg kg(-1) Pb), T2 (1:9 ratio of sawdust to T1), and T3 (T2 inoculated with T. asperellum SD-5). A pot experiment revealed that the addition of the Pb-resistant microorganism promoted growth and increased biomass in ryegrass under Pb stress, in addition to significantly enhancing photosynthesis by increasing the leaf chlorophyll content and improving the total protein content and expression of the pAPX, POD, SOD, and GPX genes, evidence of an improved antioxidant system and the alleviation of Pb stress. We demonstrated that Pb-resistant microorganisms can enhance Pb extraction from the soil, thus improving remediation. Mitigation mechanisms operating at the physiological and gene expression levels were also determined, providing a scientific basis for the role of combined plant-microorganism methods in remediating Pb-contaminated soil.