Restoring standing capabilities with feedback control of functional neuromuscular stimulation following spinal cord injury
被引:12
作者:
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Nataraj, Raviraj
[1
,3
,4
]
Audu, Musa L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Louis Stokes Cleveland Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Adv Platform Technol Ctr, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USACase Western Reserve Univ, Dept Orthopaed, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Audu, Musa L.
[2
,3
]
Triolo, Ronald J.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Orthopaed, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Louis Stokes Cleveland Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Adv Platform Technol Ctr, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USACase Western Reserve Univ, Dept Orthopaed, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Triolo, Ronald J.
[1
,2
,3
]
机构:
[1] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Orthopaed, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
[2] Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
[3] Louis Stokes Cleveland Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Adv Platform Technol Ctr, 10701 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
[4] Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Biomed Engn, Chem & Biol Sci, Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA
This paper reviews the field of feedback control for neuroprosthesis systems that restore advanced standing function to individuals with spinal cord injury. Investigations into closed-loop control of standing by functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) have spanned three decades. The ultimate goal for FNS standing control systems is to facilitate hands free standing and enabling the user to perform manual functions at self-selected leaning positions. However, most clinical systems for home usage currently only provide basic upright standing using preprogrammed stimulation patterns. To date, online modulation of stimulation to produce advanced standing functions such as balance against postural disturbances or the ability to assume leaning postures have been limited to simulation and laboratory investigations. While great technological advances have been made in biomechanical sensing and interfaces for neuromuscular stimulation, further progress is still required for finer motor control by FNS. Another major challenge is the development of sophisticated control schemes that produce the necessary postural adjustments, adapt against accelerating muscle fatigue, and consider volitional actions of the intact upper-body of the user. Model-based development for novel control schemes are proven and sensible approaches to prototype and test the basic operating efficacy of potentially complex and multi-faceted control systems. The major considerations for further innovation of such systems are summarized in this paper prior to describing the evolution of closed-loop FNS control of standing from previous works. Finally, necessary emerging technologies to for implementing FNS feedback control systems for standing are identified. These technological advancements include novel electrodes that more completely and selectively activate paralyzed musculature and implantable sensors and stimulation modules for flexible neuroprosthesis system deployment. (C) 2017 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.