In recent years there has been a global decrease in the prevalence of malaria due to scaling up of control measures, hence global control efforts now target elimination and eradication of the disease. However, a major problem associated with elimination is asymptomatic reservoir of infection especially in endemic areas. This study aims to determine the efficiency of histidine rich protein II (HRP-2) based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for monitoring transmission intensities in an endemic community in Nigeria during the pre-elimination stage. Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic malaria infection in healthy individuals and symptomatic cases were detected using HRP-2. RDT negative tests were re-checked by microscopy and by primer specific PCR amplification of merozoite surface protein 2 (msp-2) for asexual parasites and Pfs25 gene for gametocytes in selected samples to detect low level parasitemia undetectable by microscopy. The mean age of the study population (n=280) was 6.12 years [95% CI 5.16 - 7.08, range 0.5 - 55], parasite prevalence was 44.6% and 36.3% by microscopy and RDT respectively (p = 0.056). The parasite prevalence of 61.5% in children aged >2 - 10 years was significantly higher than 3.7% rate in adults > 18years (p < 0.0001, chi(2) = 60.45). RDT detected additional 29.6% asymptomatic cases but a lower specificity of 68.8% in symptomatic carriers. In 15 selected RDT positive samples, only 6 were positive by PCR and no gametocyte was detected. The results indicate that HRP-2 RDTs are a vital tool for understanding transmission dynamics and detecting immune-suppressed, recent and asymptomatic infections, thus crucial to tackle low level transmission and eliminating malaria in endemic areas.
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USAUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
Lin, Jessica T.
Saunders, David L.
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USAMC Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Immunol & Med, Bangkok, ThailandUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
Saunders, David L.
Meshnick, Steven R.
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机构:
Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Newby, Gretchen
Hwang, Jimee
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机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Francisco, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Hwang, Jimee
Koita, Kadiatou
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Koita, Kadiatou
Chen, Ingrid
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Chen, Ingrid
Greenwood, Brian
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, EnglandUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Greenwood, Brian
von Seidlein, Lorenz
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h-index: 0
机构:Univ Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
von Seidlein, Lorenz
Shanks, G. Dennis
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h-index: 0
机构:
Australian Army Malaria Inst, Enoggera, AustraliaUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Shanks, G. Dennis
Slutsker, Laurence M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Slutsker, Laurence M.
Kachur, S. Patrick
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h-index: 0
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Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Kachur, S. Patrick
Wegbreit, Jennifer
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Wegbreit, Jennifer
Ippolito, Matthew M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Ippolito, Matthew M.
Poirot, Eugenie
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Poirot, Eugenie
Gosling, Roly
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Okebe, Joseph
Bousema, Teun
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Immunol & Infect, London, England
Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol, Nijmegen, NetherlandsMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Bousema, Teun
Affara, Muna
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Affara, Muna
Di Tanna, Gian Luca
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Queen Mary Univ London, Ctr Primary Care & Publ Hlth, Pragmat Clin Trials Unit, London, EnglandMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Di Tanna, Gian Luca
Dabira, Edgard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Dabira, Edgard
Gaye, Abdoulaye
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h-index: 0
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MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Gaye, Abdoulaye
Sanya-Isijola, Frank
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h-index: 0
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MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Sanya-Isijola, Frank
Badji, Henry
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h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Badji, Henry
Correa, Simon
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h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Correa, Simon
Nwakanma, Davis
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h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Nwakanma, Davis
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Van Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre
Drakeley, Chris
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h-index: 0
机构:
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Immunol & Infect, London, EnglandMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Drakeley, Chris
D'Alessandro, Umberto
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Dis Control, London, England
Inst Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Antwerp, BelgiumMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USAUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
Lin, Jessica T.
Saunders, David L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
USAMC Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Dept Immunol & Med, Bangkok, ThailandUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
Saunders, David L.
Meshnick, Steven R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ N Carolina, Gillings Sch Global Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USAUniv N Carolina, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Newby, Gretchen
Hwang, Jimee
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Francisco, CA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Hwang, Jimee
Koita, Kadiatou
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Koita, Kadiatou
Chen, Ingrid
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Chen, Ingrid
Greenwood, Brian
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, EnglandUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Greenwood, Brian
von Seidlein, Lorenz
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:Univ Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
von Seidlein, Lorenz
Shanks, G. Dennis
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Australian Army Malaria Inst, Enoggera, AustraliaUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Shanks, G. Dennis
Slutsker, Laurence M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Slutsker, Laurence M.
Kachur, S. Patrick
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis & Malaria, Malaria Branch, Atlanta, GA USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Kachur, S. Patrick
Wegbreit, Jennifer
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Wegbreit, Jennifer
Ippolito, Matthew M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21205 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Ippolito, Matthew M.
Poirot, Eugenie
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
Poirot, Eugenie
Gosling, Roly
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif San Francisco, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USAUniv Calif San Francisco, Malaria Eliminat Initiat, Global Hlth Grp, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Okebe, Joseph
Bousema, Teun
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Immunol & Infect, London, England
Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Dept Med Microbiol, Nijmegen, NetherlandsMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Bousema, Teun
Affara, Muna
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Affara, Muna
Di Tanna, Gian Luca
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Queen Mary Univ London, Ctr Primary Care & Publ Hlth, Pragmat Clin Trials Unit, London, EnglandMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Di Tanna, Gian Luca
Dabira, Edgard
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Dabira, Edgard
Gaye, Abdoulaye
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Gaye, Abdoulaye
Sanya-Isijola, Frank
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Sanya-Isijola, Frank
Badji, Henry
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Badji, Henry
Correa, Simon
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Correa, Simon
Nwakanma, Davis
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, GambiaMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Nwakanma, Davis
论文数: 引用数:
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机构:
Van Geertruyden, Jean-Pierre
Drakeley, Chris
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Immunol & Infect, London, EnglandMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
Drakeley, Chris
D'Alessandro, Umberto
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
MRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia
London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Fac Infect & Trop Dis, Dept Dis Control, London, England
Inst Trop Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Antwerp, BelgiumMRC Unit, Dis Control & Eliminat Theme, Fajara, Gambia