Negative Index Metamaterial Lens for the Scanning Angle Enhancement of Phased-Array Antennas

The unique electromagnetic properties of negative index metamaterials (NIM) provide enormous flexibility in lens design resulting in lenses with better performance and lighter weight. This work presents the design and full wave simulations of a NIM lens to enable a Phased-Array Antenna (PAA) to scan to the horizon. Simulation and optimization techniques are discussed in detail with fabrication issues considered along the way. Simplified 2D effective medium simulations are used to explore the design space and optimize lens geometry and material makeup. More computationally intensive effective medium simulations in 3D are then performed for a better assessment of the antenna performance. Material an-isotropy is then explored to find the lowest order material for easier fabrication while maintaining desired beam characteristics. The conformal mapping technique of transformation optics is used to convert lens shapes into contours that are easier to fabricate. We also discuss on going investigations of alternative NIM materials with higher level isotropy.