MNEs' corporate social responsibility: an optimal investment decision model

Based on an assumption that corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an investment decision, we provide a theoretical model that suggests how multinational enterprises (MNEs) should optimally invest in CSR. Our model proposes the optimal timing (when) and level (how much) of CSR investment with an economic calculation of expected return and payoff uncertainty of CSR in local markets. We also specify various multi-level factors (i.e. individual, organisation, industry, and institution) that may affect the investment structure. Our model suggests that MNEs' CSR decisions can be understood as a strategic investment seeking the optimal economic outcomes depending on the expected return and payoff uncertainty in each foreign affiliate. This study contributes to the literature by integrating research streams that have been polarised over the issue of the necessity of CSR for MNEs, and by offering a more complete understanding of how MNEs should invest in CSR.