Design, development, and validation of an in-situ biosensor array for metabolite monitoring of cell cultures

Conventional pharmaceutical processes involving cell culture growth are generally taken under control with expensive and long laboratory tests performed by direct sampling to evaluate quality. This traditional and well-established approach is just partially adequate in providing information about cell state. Electrochemical enzyme-based biosensors offer several advantages towards this application. In particular, they lend themselves to miniaturization and integration with cheap electronics. In the present work we go through the design, the development, and the validation of a self-contained device for the on-line measurement of metabolites in cell culture media. We microfabricated a sensing platform by using thin film technologies. We exploited electrodeposition to precisely immobilize carbon nanotubes and enzymes on miniaturized working electrodes. We designed and realized the electronics to perform the electrochemical measurements and an Android application to display the measurements on smartphones and tablets. In cell culture media glucose biosensor shows a sensitivity of 4.7 +/- 1.3 nA mM(-1) mm(-2) and a detection limit of 1.4 mM (S/N=3 sigma), while for lactate biosensor the sensitivity is 12.2 +/- 3.8 nA mM(-1) mm(-2) and the detection limit is 0.3 mM. The whole system was then validated by monitoring U937 cell line over 88 h. Metabolic trends were fully congruent with cell density and viability. This self-contained device is a promising tool to provide more detailed information on cell metabolism that are unprecedented in cell biology. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.