Mass concentration measurements of autumn bioaerosol using low-cost sensors in a mature temperate woodland free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiment: investigating the role of meteorology and carbon dioxide levels

Forest environments contain a wide variety of airborne biological particles (bioaerosols), including pollen, fungal spores, bacteria, viruses, plant detritus, and soil particles. Forest bioaerosol plays a number of important roles related to plant and livestock health, human disease and allergenicity, and forest and wider ecology and are thought to influence biosphere-atmosphere interactions via warm and cold cloud formation. Despite the importance of bioaerosols, there are few measurements of forest aerosol, and there is a lack of understanding of how climate change will affect forest bioaerosol in the future. We installed low-cost optical particle counters (OPCs) to measure particles in the size range between 1 and 10 mu m (PME10-PM1) for a period of 2 months in autumn 2018 at the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) freeair carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. In the paper, we propose that the PM10-PM1 (particulate matter) metric is a good proxy for bioaerosols because of the bioaerosol representative size range, the location of the study site (a woodland in a rural location), the field measurement taking place during the season of peak fungal activity, and the low hygroscopicity of the particles measured. The BIFoR FACE facility fumigates three 700 m(2) areas of the forest with an additional 150 ppm CO2 above ambient levels with minimal impacts on other potential environmental drivers such as temperature, humidity, and wind. This experimental set-up enabled us to investigate the effect of environmental variables, including elevated CO2 (eCO(2)), on bioaerosol proxy concentrations and to evaluate the performance of the low-cost OPCs in a forested environment. Operating the low-cost OPCs during autumn 2018, we aimed to capture predominantly the fungal bioaerosol season. Across the experimental duration, the OPCs captured both temporal and spatial variation in bioaerosol concentrations. Aerosol concentrations were affected by changing temperatures and wind speeds but, contrary to our initial hypothesis, not by relative humidity. We detected no effect of the eCO(2) treatment on total bioaerosol concentrations, but a potential suppression of high-concentration bioaerosol events was detected under eCO(2). In-canopy atmospheric dispersion modelling indicates that the median spore dispersion distance is sufficiently small that there is little mixing between treatment and control experiments. Our data demonstrate the suitability of low-cost OPCs, interpreted with due caution, for use in forests and so opens the possibility of forest bioaerosol monitoring in a wider range of habitats to a wider range of researchers at a modest cost.